同样是溪流之间搬家，刺鱼的适应差距比搬去湖泊还大

核心论点 · 点时间戳可跳到原声

原话 · 已逐字校验

what was really interesting here or surprising, I should say, is that the fitness difference between stream to stream was like 2x relative to – from stream to stream relative to stream to lake

真正有意思、或者说让人意外的地方在于，溪流对溪流的适应度差异，相对于溪流对湖泊的适应度差异，大约是两倍。

Nels32:24

the fitness consequence of moving from stream to stream is actually much more sort of noted or surprisingly came out of their data

从一条溪流搬到另一条溪流所付出的适应度代价，实际上在数据里显得更突出、也更出人意料。

Nels33:29

of the total fitness advantage of local stream fish versus foreign lake fish, 33% reflected adaptation to selection pressures among streams

本地溪流鱼相对外来湖泊鱼的总适应度优势中，33%反映的是对溪流间共同选择压力的适应。

Vincent34:39

these almost like kind of creepy translucent, transparent or kind of opaque actually white worms that are various species of worms

那是一种半透明、甚至有点诡异的白色寄生虫，有好几个不同的物种。

Nels39:13

the predictability of evolution depends on the ecological resolution at which environments are defined and measured. At coarse scales, evolutionary change may often appear repeatable, whereas at finer scales, natural selection can generate a mosaic of distinct adaptive responses.

进化是否可预测，取决于定义和测量环境所用的生态分辨率。在粗尺度下，进化变化常常显得可重复；而在细尺度下，自然选择可能产生一幅由各不相同的适应性反应拼成的马赛克。

Nels45:21

these four streams in this paper, they diverged only since the last glaciation, which is about 12,000 years ago or 6,000 human generations

论文里这四条溪流，分化的时间只从上一次冰川期退却算起，大约12000年前，换算成人类世代大概是6000代。

Vincent48:44

this thing is about 2,000 years old, so it predates HIV. And we don't know what the selection one is. It's only in certain, it's about 16% of the human population, mostly Europe.

这个突变大约有2000年历史，比HIV出现得还早，我们并不知道当初是什么选择压力造成的。它只存在于一部分人群里，大约占人类人口的16%,主要集中在欧洲。

Vincent58:02

数字与实体

术语

reciprocal transplant互惠移植实验

把两个种群的个体互换放到对方栖息地，比较双向适应度变化

parallel evolution / repeated evolution平行进化(重复进化)

不同种群独立进化出相似性状，可能出于适应也可能出于偶然

behavioral fever行为性发热

变温动物感染后主动游向更暖环境、以体温变化对抗病原的行为

CCR5-Δ32CCR5-Δ32突变

使细胞表面受体缺失、让HIV难以入侵免疫细胞的基因突变

收听指南