工業革命隱藏推手：議會解開產權而非技術突破

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Industrial modernity was invented in the English midlands around the end of the eighteenth century, kicking off an unprecedented global rise in living standards that continues to this day. But what made this revolution possible was a lesser-known political revolution that took place in the previous century: a period known in English history as the Glorious Revolution.

工業現代性發明於十八世紀末的英格蘭中部，開啟了持續至今的、前所未有的全球生活水平上升。但使這場革命成為可能的，是上個世紀一場鮮為人知的政治革命：英國歷史上稱為光榮革命的時期。

Russ Roberts3:26

What you might expect or what you might predict, based on our experiences--like, with the Japan example or thinking about a parliament that people accuse of representing homeowners, say, today in the United Kingdom or many other developed countries, in the United States--what you might expect is that giving them power leads to them coming up with more and more ways to protect these privileges. But, strangely enough, almost the opposites happened.

根據我們的經驗——比如日本的例子，或者想想人們指責代表房主的議會，比如今天的英國或許多其他發達國家、美國——你可能預期的是，賦予他們權力會導致他們想出越來越多的辦法來保護這些特權。但奇怪的是，幾乎相反的情況發生了。

Ben Southwood19:39

So, you actually had to be a local landowner to graze your animals on this common land or to use this common land in almost all cases. It's called stinting. You had a certain number of stints, and you got the stints from having a certain amount of land.

所以，實際上你必須是一個當地地主才能在公地上放牧你的動物，或者在幾乎所有情況下使用這塊公地。這叫做「stinting」。你有一定數量的放牧權，你通過擁有一定數量的土地來獲得這些放牧權。

Ben Southwood24:12

In 1700, English road speeds, which were similar to those on the continent, averaged 2.3 miles per hour in summer and 1.5 in winter.

1700 年，英國的道路速度與歐洲大陸相似，夏季平均每小時 2.3 英里，冬季 1.5 英里。

Russ Roberts43:34

Karl Philipp Moritz, a German traveller in England in 1782, called the country's roads 'incomparable', writing: 'I am astonished how they have got them so firm and solid.... A thousand charming spots, and beautiful landscapes, on which my eye would long have dwelt with rapture, were now rapidly passed with the speed of an arrow.'

1782 年在英國的德國旅行者卡爾·菲利普·莫里茨稱該國道路「無與倫比」，寫道：「我驚訝於他們如何使道路如此堅固……一千個迷人的景點和美麗的風景，我的眼睛本會久久凝視，現在卻以箭矢般的速度迅速掠過。」

Russ Roberts51:03

Michael Heller, the law professor, came up with something called land assembly districts. And, land assembly districts are very similar to enclosure in Britain in the 1680s and 1700s.

法學教授邁克爾·海勒提出了所謂的「土地集合區」。土地集合區與英國 1680 年代和 1700 年代的圈地運動非常相似。

Ben Southwood1:07:56

數字與實體

術語

stint公地放牧權

公地上按擁有土地數量分配的放牧額度，規則複雜。

land assembly district土地集合區

Michael Heller 提出的機制，允許在多數業主同意下重新開發土地。

Tama 38以色列舊樓重建計劃

允許在多數業主同意下重新開發土地，類似歷史上的圈地運動。

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