同樣是溪流之間搬家，刺魚的適應差距比搬去湖泊還大

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what was really interesting here or surprising, I should say, is that the fitness difference between stream to stream was like 2x relative to – from stream to stream relative to stream to lake

真正有意思、或者說讓人意外的地方在於，溪流對溪流的適應度差異，相對於溪流對湖泊的適應度差異，大約是兩倍。

Nels32:24

the fitness consequence of moving from stream to stream is actually much more sort of noted or surprisingly came out of their data

從一條溪流搬到另一條溪流所付出的適應度代價，實際上在數據裡顯得更突出、也更出人意料。

Nels33:29

of the total fitness advantage of local stream fish versus foreign lake fish, 33% reflected adaptation to selection pressures among streams

本地溪流魚相對外來湖泊魚的總適應度優勢中，33%反映的是對溪流間共同選擇壓力的適應。

Vincent34:39

these almost like kind of creepy translucent, transparent or kind of opaque actually white worms that are various species of worms

那是一種半透明、甚至有點詭異的白色寄生蟲，有好幾個不同的物種。

Nels39:13

the predictability of evolution depends on the ecological resolution at which environments are defined and measured. At coarse scales, evolutionary change may often appear repeatable, whereas at finer scales, natural selection can generate a mosaic of distinct adaptive responses.

進化是否可預測，取決於定義和測量環境所用的生態分辨率。在粗尺度下，進化變化常常顯得可重複；而在細尺度下，自然選擇可能產生一幅由各不相同的適應性反應拼成的馬賽克。

Nels45:21

these four streams in this paper, they diverged only since the last glaciation, which is about 12,000 years ago or 6,000 human generations

論文裡這四條溪流，分化的時間只從上一次冰川期退卻算起，大約12000年前，換算成人類世代大概是6000代。

Vincent48:44

this thing is about 2,000 years old, so it predates HIV. And we don't know what the selection one is. It's only in certain, it's about 16% of the human population, mostly Europe.

這個突變大約有2000年歷史，比HIV出現得還早，我們並不知道當初是什麼選擇壓力造成的。它只存在於一部分人群裡，大約佔人類人口的16%,主要集中在歐洲。

Vincent58:02

數字與實體

術語

reciprocal transplant互惠移植實驗

把兩個種群的個體互換放到對方棲息地，比較雙向適應度變化

parallel evolution / repeated evolution平行進化(重複進化)

不同種群獨立進化出相似性狀，可能出於適應也可能出於偶然

behavioral fever行為性發熱

變溫動物感染後主動遊向更暖環境、以體溫變化對抗病原的行為

CCR5-Δ32CCR5-Δ32突變

使細胞表面受體缺失、讓HIV難以入侵免疫細胞的基因突變

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